which organisms are most closely related to humans quizlet

A sometimes confusing aspect of ancestral and derived characters is that these terms are relative. meerkats Viruses are not considered alive. A difference of 3.1% distinguishes us and the African apes from the Asian great ape, the orangutan. Complete the following sentences discussing sponge cell types. The inner layer of a sponge, the meshy, contains several types of ___ cells, which secrete materials to form a skeleton-like structure for support The most accurate phylogenetic tree will have the fewest nodes. Sea star, crab, ace flatworm, jellyfish, sponge Round worms (Phylum: Nematoda) move by essentially thrashing from side to side. ], https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evograms_03, https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/her/tree-of-life/v/allopatric-and-sympatric-speciation, https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/her/tree-of-life/a/species-speciation, https://www.khanacademy.org/tag/evolution. Humans belong to the biological group known as Primates, and are classified with the great apes, one of the major groups of the primate evolutionary tree. For example, chimpanzees and humans, the skulls of which are shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\) are very similar genetically, sharing 99 percent 1 of their genes. Which of the following is an example of correlation without causation? Geneticists have come up with a variety of ways of calculating the percentages, which give different impressions about how similar chimpanzees and humans are. For instance, the line leading up to species E represents the species' ancestors since it diverged from the other species in the tree. \end{matrix} While many criteria affect conservation decisions, preserving phylogenetic diversity provides an objective way to protect the full range of diversity generated by evolution. 2.Living things acquire materials and energy. Hardly ever has a scientific prediction so bold, so out there for its time, been upheld as the one made in 1871 that human evolution began in Africa. ( C ) sexual reproduction. The amazing story of adaptation and survival in our species, Homo sapiens, is written in the language of our genes, in every cell of our bodiesas well as in the fossil and behavioral evidence. (Grades 6-8), Comparison of Human and Chimp Chromosomes (Grades 9-12), Hominid Cranial Comparison: The "Skulls" Lab (Grades 9-12), Investigating Common Descent: Formulating Explanations and Models (Grades 9-12), Fossil and Migration Patterns in Early Hominids (Grades 9-12). We share more genes with organisms that are more closely related to us. Two of those applications include understanding the evolution and transmission of disease and making decisions about conservation efforts. Direct link to Harshita Wadhwa's post Can a phylogenetic tree s, Posted 5 years ago. Direct link to Harshita Wadhwa's post Ending a line before pres, Posted 5 years ago. how did a common whale evolve from a common ancestor? Protostome (Ecdysozoa) Biologists have argued that it is important to protect species throughout a phylogenetic tree rather than just those from one branch of the tree. Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\): Which animals in this figure belong to a clade that includes animals with hair? The face of a sunflower turns to follow the sun as it moves across the sky. For the following mixture, will the concentration of H2OH_2OH2O increase, decrease, or remain the same as equilibrium is established? Scientists collect information that allows them to make evolutionary connections between organisms. Grades 9-12 -Arthropoda Life Science, Content Standard F 3.Helicobacter pylori can cause ulcers. We know this by reference to a group outside the clade: for example, insects have non-amniotic eggs; therefore, this is the older or ancestral character state. A probability value of less than 5% in a scientific study is acceptable, One of the difficulties with publication of research in scientific journals is that it. As the information about DNA sequences grows, scientists will become closer to mapping the evolutionary history of all life on Earth. 3.evolution. The Evolution of Religious Belief: Seeking Deep Evolutionary Roots, Laboring for Science, Laboring for Souls: Obstacles and Approaches to Teaching and Learning Evolution in the Southeastern United States, Public Event : Religious Audiences and the Topic of Evolution: Lessons from the Classroom (video), Evolution and the Anthropocene: Science, Religion, and the Human Future, Imagining the Human Future: Ethics for the Anthropocene, Human Evolution and Religion: Questions and Conversations from the Hall of Human Origins, I Came from Where? Using morphologic and molecular data, scientists work to identify homologous characteristics and genes. Samantha Fowler (Clayton State University), Rebecca Roush (Sandhills Community College), James Wise (Hampton University). Students make little effort to complete handouts or participate in discussion. The other two labels are specific to each body plan. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Computer programs search through all of the possible trees to find the small number of trees with the simplest evolutionary pathways. Presently, the most accepted method for constructing phylogenetic trees is a method called cladistics. This page titled 12.2: Determining Evolutionary Relationships is shared under a CC BY 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by OpenStax. The two largest clades in the Bilateral are the protostome and the deuterostomes, Damage to its flagellum would prevent a choanocyte from. The DNA evidence informs this conclusion, and the fossils do, too. The computer draws a tree such that all of the clades share the same list of derived characters. An example is the streamlined body shapes, the shapes of fins and appendages, and the shape of the tails in fishes and whales, which are mammals. Scientists apply the concept of maximum parsimony, which states that the likeliest order of events is probably the simplest shortest path. The study suggested that introductions of the bacteria to new populations occurred very few times, perhaps only once, and then spread from that limited number of individuals. If we later get more information about the species in a tree, we may be able to resolve a polytomy using the new information. You may see phylogenetic trees drawn in many different formats. Which animals in this figure belong to a clade that includes animals with hair? In addition to enhancing our understanding of the evolutionary history of species, our own included, phylogenetic analysis has numerous practical applications. Use the following rubric to assess each team's work. Instead, its the branch structure of each diagram that tells us what we need to understand the tree. 1.This milk tastes funny. The African great apes, including humans, have a closer kinship bond with one another than the African apes have with orangutans or other primates. 4.People who commit crimes also consume bread. Segmented worms (Phylum: Annelida) are capable of much more controlled and intricate movements. 4.reproduction. 3.Living things contain a nucleus and organelles. Classification systems based on phylogeny organize species or other groups in ways that reflect our understanding of how they evolved from their common ancestors. Direct link to tyersome's post I'm not sure what you mea, Posted 6 years ago. Completing handouts and participating in discussion, As a class, watch the NOVA scienceNOW segment. This is somewhat controversial, but is acceptable to most biologists as a simplification. Which organisms are most closely related to humans? A complex individual that consists of organ systems is known as a/an, All of the ecosystems on the planet together are called the, In a swamp, all of the alligators would represent a/an, The region in which populations interact with each other and with the physical environment is called an, All of the changes that occur from the time an egg is fertilized through childhood, adolescence and adulthood are called. 5.organization. All three have fur and walk on four legs, but these clues don't tell you much about evolution. What a phylogenetic tree is. It is a difficult task. The DNA difference with gorillas, another of the African apes, is about 1.6%. How does the control of blood flow to the skin for the purpose of regulating body temperature differ from the control of nutrient blood flow to skin cells? Direct link to kimshoemaker23's post The most accurate phyloge, Posted 5 years ago. When these differences are counted, there is an additional 4 to 5% distinction between the human and chimpanzee genomes. This is in contrast to the possibility that many individuals had carried the bacteria from one place to another. However, you may see trees with a. The most closely related organisms first and the most distantly related organism last. Rotating a tree about its branch points doesn't change the information it carries. According to evolutionary theory, these changes accumulate over time: species that diverged from each other long ago have more differences in their DNA than species that diverged recently. Touching a jellyfish can be a very painful experience whereas touching a comb jelly is not painful. Optional: If possible, show the short animation, Divide the class into pairs and distribute the. It confirms that our closest living biological relatives are chimpanzees and bonobos, with whom we share many traits. 1.Theory of ecosystems The difference in the development, or embryogenesis, of the wings in each case is a signal that insects and bats or birds do not share a common ancestor that had a wing. As researchers sequence the genomes of an increasing number of organisms every year, they uncover more data to use in evolutionary studies. Which organisms are most closely related to humans? The amniotic egg evolved before hair, because the Amniota clade branches off earlier than the clade that encompasses animals with hair. Which of the following characteristics of living things do they lack? The amount of difference in DNA is a test of the difference between one species and another and thus how closely or distantly related they are. Each branch point (also called an. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necssarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. You might point out that for some species, physical traits alone don't offer enough clues. Is it appropriate for scientists to infer evolutionary relationships based on information from only one protein? Check all of the criteria that systematics would use to classify animals under specific phyla. But we did not evolve directly from any primates living today. Human-rhesus monkey: ___1__ While the genetic difference between individual humans today is minuscule about 0.1%, on average study of the same aspects of the chimpanzee genome indicates a difference of about 1.2%. ( B ) multicellularity. Even though Europe and Asia were scoured for early human fossils long before Africa was even thought of, ongoing fossil discoveries confirm that the first 4 million years or so of human evolutionary history took place exclusively on the African continent. 1.Living things are organized. Clades can vary in size depending on which branch point is being referenced. The "Bird Brains" activity aligns with the following National Science Education Standards (see books.nap.edu/html/nses). First, count the number of differences in the sequence together. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Adventures in the Rift Valley: Interactive, Digital Archive of Ungulate and Carnivore Dentition, Teaching Evolution through Human Examples, Members Thoughts on Science, Religion & Human Origins (video), Science, Religion, Evolution and Creationism: Primer, Burin from Laugerie Haute & Basse, Dordogne, France, Butchered Animal Bones from Gona, Ethiopia, Nuts and bolts classification: Arbitrary or not? If a characteristic is found in all of the members of a group, it is a shared ancestral characterbecause there has been no change in the trait during the descent of each of the members of the clade. But what is difficult is to decide if one arose from the other or if they are at the same level, arising from a different common ancestor. How do the monkeys stack up? Direct link to geniusenock2000's post how does phylogenetic cla, Posted 6 years ago. 3.Gene theory Direct link to Bilal's post One example that comes to, Posted 6 years ago. Divide the class into four teams. What feature of annelids, missing in nematodes, allows for the annelids' more complex locomotion? For example, conservation efforts should focus on a single species without sister species rather than another species that has a cluster of close sister species that recently evolved. ________ observations are supported by factual information while _______ observations involve personal judgment. In contrast, consider the amniotic egg characteristic of Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\). What two products are possible from the addition of HCl to 2-octene? Arrange these animals in term of their relatedness to humans. Label the major germ layers and body cavities for the two body plans shown. Cytochrome C is an iron-containing molecule that carries electrons during the electron transport chain in cellular respiration. Indicate if the following statements concerning segmentation are true or false, a- locomotion is more efficient in segmented animals because independent segments can move semi-independently. Only some of the organisms have this trait, and to those that do, it is called a shared derived character because this trait changed at some point during descent. New analysis of molecular characters not only confirms many earlier classifications, but also uncovers previously made errors. Explain that they will look for the number of amino acids that differ between humans and tuna. Match the descriptions to the type of development with which they are associated, The segmentation of animals has allowed for several advantages. For example, in Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\), all of the organisms in the shaded region evolved from a single ancestor that had amniotic eggs. So far, all the trees we've looked at have had nice, clean branching patterns, with just two lineages (lines of descent) emerging from each branch point. -Onychophora. For example, the fruit fly shares 60 percent of its DNA with humans.2 In this situation, computer-based statistical algorithms have been developed to help identify the actual relationships, and ultimately, the coupled use of both morphologic and molecular information is more effective in determining phylogeny. Constructing a phylogenetic tree, or cladogram, from the character data is a monumental task that is usually left up to a computer. The same is true for the relationships among organisms. That's because closely related species most likely diverged from one another fairly recently in the evolutionary span. What are these an example of? What are the characters used to determine the most accurate evolutionary trees? Illegal drug use causes an increase in crime. will be better able to make wise decisions regarding your own well being and the Earth's. These diagrams are not chronological in a direct way, more so a before and after situation. We share more genes with organisms that are more closely related to us. DNA is a molecule made up of four types of units called bases. In a graph, the experimental variable is plotted on the. The exterior of a sponge is comprised of flattened cells that form an outer ____ All life on Earth arose from a single common ancestor, and our genes reflect this shared ancestry. A 31.1 g wafer of pure gold initially at 69.3 C is submerged into 64.2 g of water at 27.8 C in an insulated container. These inconsistencies are common in trees drawn from character data and complicate the decision-making process about which tree most closely represents the real relationships among the taxa. There are two main groups in this clade: the ___ and the Platyzoa This can be remembered because monophyletic breaks down into mono, meaning one, and phyletic, meaning evolutionary relationship. Chickens, chimpanzees, and you - what do they have in common? 1. 4.development. Since A and B converge at a common ancestor first as we move backwards, and B only converges with C after its junction point with A, we can say that A and B are more related than B and C. Importantly, there are some species whose relatedness we can't compare using this method. The study uncovered the timing and patterns in which the resistant strain moved from its point of origin in Europe to centers of infection and evolution in South America, Asia, North America, and Australasia. 5.reproduction. Scientists must determine which type of similarity a feature exhibits to decipher the phylogeny of the organisms being studied. This result suggests that public health officials should concentrate on quickly identifying the contacts of individuals infected with a new strain of bacteria to control its spread. EVOLUTION IN ACTION: Why Does Phylogeny Matter? Because the DNA sequence determines a protein's amino acid sequence, a gene shared by two closely related organisms should have similar, or even identical, amino acid sequences. Clades must include the ancestral species and all of the descendants from a branch point. One conclusion is that the trait evolved in the ancestor, but then changed back in that one species. -Earthworm Living things grow and develop The region in which populations interact with each other and with the physical environment is called an ecosystem Activity Summary This character does tell us about the relationships among the members of the clade; it tells us that lizards, rabbits, and humans group more closely together than any of these organisms do with fish, lampreys, and lancelets. Phylogenetic trees can be drawn in various equivalent styles. Assign each team one of the following genes: FOXP2, hemoglobin alpha, eyeless, and sonic hedgehog. Rapidly evolving sequences are useful for determining the relationships among closely related species. Another critical point about these trees is that if you rotate the structures, using one of the branch points as a pivot, you dont change the relationships. 0638931. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the molecule that makes up an organisms genome in the nucleus of every cell. Direct link to MagicalSea's post How would you draw a phyl, Posted 5 years ago. For instance, suppose that we wanted to say whether A and B or B and C are more closely related. -sea star Why or why not? Direct link to Benjamin Garretson's post In the phylogenetic tree , Posted 4 years ago. So, we can only compare the timing of branching events that occur on the same lineage (same direct line from the root of the tree), and not those that occur on different lineages. -Crustacean No matter how the calculation is done, the big point still holds: humans, chimpanzees, and bonobos are more closely related to one another than either is to gorillas or any other primate. The tentative explanation to be tested is called. The cell you are examining under the microscope appears to contain a nucleus. \text{$\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CO}_{2} \mathrm{H}+$} & \text{$\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{OH}$} & \text{$\rightleftharpoons$} & \text{$\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CO}_{2} \mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5}+$} & \text{$\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$} & \text{K = 2.2}\\ However, chimpanzees and . If the single evolutionarily distinct species goes extinct a disproportionate amount of variation from the tree will be lost compared to one species in the cluster of closely related species. Direct link to tyersome's post Look at (or make) a tree , Posted 5 years ago. ______ are flagellated cells that line internal cavities and are responsible for pumping water and small particles into the sponge Meerkats. To build accurate, meaningful trees, biologists will often use many different characteristics (reducing the chances of any one imperfect piece of data leading to a wrong tree). Scientists find these terms useful when distinguishing between clades during the building of phylogenetic trees, but it is important to remember that their meaning depends on context. 2.Cell theory Humans clear forests to grow crops, and they build houses and cities. A second area of usefulness for phylogenetic analysis is in conservation. Find the radius rrr and the pitch ppp of the electron's spiral trajjectotory. -Bryozoan How do scientists construct phylogenetic trees? Direct link to Satwik Pasani's post It is a difficult task. A private corporation funded by the American people. Starting with the Greek philosopher Aristotle, this desire to classify has extended to the many and diverse living things of Earth. Cladistics rests on three assumptions. Which most correctly defines homeostasis? What you are asking is phylogenetic reconstruction from genomic sequence analysis. -multicellular 3.Eukarya. Direct link to Melody Liu's post The fact that branches ca, Posted 4 years ago. A study published in 20074 made recommendations for conservation of mammal species worldwide based on how evolutionarily distinct and at risk of extinction they are. Through news accounts and crime stories, were all familiar with the fact that the DNA in our cells reflects each individuals unique identity and how closely related we are to one another. Direct link to tyersome's post I think you may have misu. Human: gray whale ___9____ The development of resistance of MRSA bacteria to antibiotics is an example of ( D ) flagellated sperm. -Spiralian How to read phylogenetic trees and determine which species are most related. DNA shapes how an organism grows up and the physiology of its blood, bone, and brains. -differentiate Human: neurospora (a type of bread mold): __51_______. What criteria might scientists use to determine how closely related two species are? The DNA evidence shows an amazing confirmation of this daring prediction. These include a number of rodents, bats, shrews and hedgehogs. If necessary, review the terms "DNA," "amino acid," "gene," and "protein" with the class. As explained in the NOVA scienceNOW segment, FOXP2 also plays a role in the processes involved in human speech and birdsong: people with an altered form of the gene have difficulty with many aspects of speech, and birds whose FOXP2 activity is disrupted have trouble learning songs. An ingroup (lizard, rabbit and human in our example) is the group of taxa being analyzed. (book by Richard Potts and Chris Sloan). The seven bones of the neck are called __________vertebrae. { "12.01:_Organizing_Life_on_Earth" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12.02:_Determining_Evolutionary_Relationships" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12.E:_Diversity_of_Life_(Exercises)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01:_Introduction_to_Biology" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02:_Chemistry_of_Life" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03:_Cell_Structure_and_Function" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04:_How_Cells_Obtain_Energy" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05:_Photosynthesis" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06:_Reproduction_at_the_Cellular_Level" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07:_The_Cellular_Basis_of_Inheritance" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08:_Patterns_of_Inheritance" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "09:_Molecular_Biology" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "10:_Biotechnology" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11:_Evolution_and_Its_Processes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12:_Diversity_of_Life" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13:_Diversity_of_Microbes_Fungi_and_Protists" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "14:_Diversity_of_Plants" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "15:_Diversity_of_Animals" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "16:_The_Body\'s_Systems" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "17:_The_Immune_System_and_Disease" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "18:_Animal_Reproduction_and_Development" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "19:_Population_and_Community_Ecology" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "20:_Ecosystems_and_the_Biosphere" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21:_Conservation_and_Biodiversity" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, 12.2: Determining Evolutionary Relationships, [ "article:topic", "authorname:openstax", "showtoc:no", "license:ccby", "licenseversion:40", "program:openstax" ], https://bio.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fbio.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FIntroductory_and_General_Biology%2FBook%253A_Concepts_in_Biology_(OpenStax)%2F12%253A_Diversity_of_Life%2F12.02%253A_Determining_Evolutionary_Relationships, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), https://cnx.org/contents/b3c1e1d2-834-e119a8aafbdd.
I Survived Amanda Teacher, Articles W

which organisms are most closely related to humans quizlet 2023