To my knowledge, there is actually very little hard data on this subject, aside from anecdote. International HapMap Consortium
Highly visible organizations, such as the Humane Society of the United States (http://www.humanesociety.org/) and the New England Anti-Vivisection Society (http://www.neavs.org/), called here, for shorthand, animal rights organizations, actively oppose animal-based research. Cause IQ is a website that helps companies grow, maintain, and serve their nonprofit clients, and helps nonprofits find additional foundation funding. Robert Lanford and colleagues provide an in-depth review of the history and continuing issues around the use of chimpanzees to ameliorate these three forms of hepatitis, which are caused by three different, unrelated viruses. Peter Havel and colleagues review the use of NHP preclinical models for metabolic conditions, concentrating on obesity and metabolic syndrome. [12] The resulting alternative was later used by a number of product and cosmetics companies. Smaller colonies of the new world marmoset (Callithrix jaccus) are also housed at the NPRCs. WebNEW ENGLAND ANTI-VIVISECTION SOCIETY 333 Washington Street, Suite 850 Boston, MA 02108 Phone: 617-523-6020 Fax: 617-523-7925 Email: info@neavs.org neavs.org 2016 brought enormous success to NEAVS long-standing focus on non-animal alternatives and chimpanzees. For many years, the United States has been the center of gravity for breeding and characterizing NHPs for preclinical research, with some breeding in Europe. In 1871, Professor Henry Ingersoll Bowditch established the first U.S. vivisection lab at Harvard Medical School, inciting concern from Edward Clement, editor-in-chief of the Boston Evening Transcript, which subsequently ran a series of anti-vivisection editorials. Cox
Search for other works by this author on: Trial watch: Phase II and Phase III attrition rates, 20112012, Raise standards for preclinical cancer research, Whole-genome characterization in pedigreed non-human primates using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) and imputation, Whole genome sequencing predicts novel human disease models in rhesus macaques, Naturally-occurring nonhuman primate models of psychosocial processes, Contributions of non-human primates to neuroscience research, Progress and prospects for genetic modification of nonhuman primate models in biomedical research, Genome editing in nonhuman primates: Approach to generating human disease models, Functional disruption of the dystrophin gene in rhesus monkey using CRISPR/Cas9, Exome screening to identify loss-of-function mutations in the rhesus macaque for development of preclinical models of human disease, Baboons as a model to study genetics and epigenetics of human disease, Nonhuman primates and translational researchcardiovascular disease, Marmosets are stars of Japans ambitious brain project, A rhesus macaque model of Asian-lineage Zika virus infection, Translational research in the nonhuman primate model of tuberculosis, Comparison of the Canadian and US laws, regulations, policies and systems of oversight for animals in research, Progress in genetics and genomics of nonhuman primates, Genomic tools for the use of nonhuman primates in translational research, Use and importance of nonhuman primates in metabolic disease research: Current state of the field, Clinical development success rates for investigational drugs, Accelerating biomedical discoveries through rigor and transparency, A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs, Development and validation of a SNP-based assay for inferring the genetic ancestry of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), TALEN-based generation of a cynomolgus monkey disease model for human microcephaly, Improving bioscience research reporting: The ARRIVE guidelines for reporting animal research, The chimpanzee model of viral hepatitis: Advances in understanding the immune response and treatment of viral hepatitis, Autism-like behaviors and germline transmission in transgenic monkeys overexpressing MeCP2, The next step in translational research: Lessons learned from the first preclinical randomized controlled trial, Bringing genome-wide association findings into clinical use, In retrospect: A decade of shared genomic associations, Advances in vision science and prevention of blindness using nonhuman primates, National Association for Biomedical Research, National Research Council (US) Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Laboratory animal laws, regulations, guidelines and standards in China Mainland, Japan and Korea, Protecting animals and enabling research in the European Union: An overview of development and implementation of directive 2010/63/EU, Generation of transgenic marmosets expressing genetically encoded calcium indicators. [22][23] A survey completed by the Humane Society Veterinary Medical Association in 2007 indicated that half of U.S. vet schools no longer require terminal labs in core courses. There are many examples of all of these uses of NHP genomic sequences in the literature, and I expect that the use of genomic sequences will increase markedly in the future. For example, Xue et al. Marr, [91] D. Disharoon, B.G. Defining translational research: Implications for training, Prospects for genetically modified non-human primate models, including the common marmoset, Generation of transgenic non-human primates with germline transmission, SCHEER (Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks), Mitochondrial gene replacement in primate offspring and embryonic stem cells, IACUC review of nonhuman primate research, Tackling HIV and AIDS: Contributions by non-human primate Models, Introduction: Global laws, regulations, and standards for animals in research, NMP models for understanding the pathogenesis of HIV infection and AIDS, Biopharma CRO industry in China: Landscape and opportunities, The population genomics of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) based on whole-genome sequences. NHPs present difficulties relative to rodents in regard to genetic modification. , Miller P. Bayne
This review also briefly discusses approaches such as gene therapy, stem cell-based technologies, neuro-prosthetics, and optogenetics that can be used to restore retinal function, leading to amelioration of retinal diseases. These necessary components of NHP-based research usually require housing animals in large centers, each of which can harbor more than 1000 (often 40005000 or more) animals because of the expense and complexity of husbandry. Commercial airlines that once transported NHPs no longer do so. Arrowsmith
Fish and Wildlife Service Proposes Protection for All Chimpanzees Captive and Wild as Endangered", "NIH must retire chimpanzees to sanctuary", "Petition for Rulemaking: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services", "Agency Moves to Retire Most Research Chimps", "Announcement of Agency Decision: Recommendations on the Use of Chimpanzees in NIH-Supported Research", "Ethical Science Education Coalition (ESEC)", "Common Ground: Animals, Women, Environment", "Humane Science the Focus of Feline Meeting", "The Chimps Hear the Good News: IOM Concludes 'chimpanzees [are] not necessary', Project R&R: Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Labs, American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research (AFAAR), Animal rights in Jainism, Hinduism, and Buddhism, List of international animal welfare conventions, Moral status of animals in the ancient world, University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society, Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals, Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes, An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_England_Anti-Vivisection_Society&oldid=1146938653, Animal welfare organizations based in the United States, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox organization with motto or pledge, Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 27 March 2023, at 21:39.
Technologies to modify the genomes of rodents have formed the basis of developing many disease models, particularly in the laboratory mouse. Every year in the U.S., millions of animals are used as models in biological and medical research to study human disease, injury, development, psychology, and anatomy and physiology. There are, however, several challenges involved with the application of large-scale genomic sequencing to develop new NHP models for translational medicine. The purpose of mentioning them is to acknowledge that there are potential alternatives to NHPs and other animal models. 2016). Sanctuaries funded in the past include Animals Asia Foundation, Chimp Haven, Fauna Foundation, and Save the Chimps. WebCommittee on Chimpanzees in Biomedical and Behavioral Research August 11, 2011 in Washington D.C. My name is Dr. Theodora Capaldo. Project R&R Thus, there must be a parallel effort to accomplish more sophisticated NHP phenotyping in large numbers of animals. , Suemizu H, Shimada A, Hanazawa K, Oiwa R, Kamioka M, Tomioka I, Sotomaru Y, Hirakawa R, Eto T, Shiozawa S, Maeda T, Ito M, Ito R, Kito C, Yagahashi C, Kawai K, Miyoshi H, Tanioka Y, Tamaoki N, Habu S, Okano H, Nomura T. SCHEER (Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks)
These reviews discuss the use of NHPs to facilitate preclinical research related to many of the diseases that have the highest prevalence in humans and cause extraordinary amounts of human suffering and financial and social burdens. . 1 0 obj
The New England Anti-Vivisection Society, founded in 1895, works to expose and replace animal experiments in laboratories and classrooms with ethically and scientifically responsible modern alternative research methods. 2016). They cite approaches to vaccine development that were first tested successfully in NHPs and have now moved to Phase II human clinical trials and also make the point that some vaccine approaches that appeared to be successful in mice, but were not tested in NHPs, failed in humans. The development of vaccines that prevent infection of humans by Hepatitis A and B viruses and antivirals that provide curative therapies for hepatitis C virus infections is one of the clearest examples of the critical nature of an NHP preclinical model, in this case the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). In brief, the whole genome sequence or the exomic sequence (expressed genes) of an NHP can be used for the following (for a more detailed discussion, see Harding 2013, 2017 and references therein; Bimber et al. Furthermore, there are a few organizations, such as the Foundation for Biomedical Research (https://fbresearch.org/), that seek to inform the public about medical breakthroughs that have required the use of animals. Want updates when NEAVS has new information, or want to find more organizations like Rise for Animals (NEAVS)? 2011). The NHP translational community would benefit from a coordinated plan that shares animals and phenotyping data. Project R&R is committed to continuing to raise awareness and secure the release of all chimpanzees remaining in U.S. labs into sanctuary. Within the continental United States, most species of NHPs can be moved very safely by truck. Michelle Wade, Continuing Education Coordinator. Takibana
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Project R&R achieved its goal for a worldwide end to harmful, invasive, and lethal research on all great apes in the U.S.the largest holding of chimpanzees for use in research in the world. Annual membership to the NNEVS gives you access to CME events, networking opportunities and much more. Webbe included when sending NBS cards in for testing. [51][52], NEAVS is also the U.S. Executive Office for Cruelty Free International, founded by the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (BUAV). Others, like dogs and cats, are bought from random source animal dealers or acquired through pound seizure. [46], NEAVS' Common Ground initiative includes two initial campaigns incorporating support for women in science and environmental stewardship with its animals in research mission. The rigor with which experimental animals are described in publications also influences the reproducibility of animal-based translational studies. NHPs have been critical animal models for development of all current approaches aimed at halting the AIDS epidemic in humans, including developing anti-retroviral therapies, decreasing maternal-fetal transmission of HIV, testing microbicides, and designing more effective strategies for development of efficacious AIDS vaccines. A
, Li W, Lai X, Chen H, Huang O, Kang XZ, Li K, Ren J, Lin X, Zheng H, Huang W, Ma Y, Xu D, Chen Z, Song X, Lin X, Zhuang M, Wang T, Zhuang F, Xi J, Mao FF, Xia H, Lahn BT, Zhou Q, Yang S, Xiang AP. . These authors recommend that all TB vaccine trials first be tested in NHPs before being performed in humans. (2016). WebThats why we created the animal protection movements first publicly accessible research and transparency toolthe Animal Research Laboratory Overview (ARLO). There are currently no plans to develop an NHP version of the human HapMap. After an initial sequence is obtained, usually from one or two animals, refinement of the sequence assembly is performed based on sequencing the genome and transcriptomes of many more animals. Discussions of NHP-related research often cite shortages in the supply of some species, leading to high prices and long waiting times to obtain animals. endobj
Neeves. Neeves, D.W.M. , Pinto da Silva S, Townend D, Sandoe P. Park
, Morris TH. This article describes and discusses the details of this program (termed the Biobehavioral Assessment Program), the differences between these naturally occurring NHP models and induced models of conditions such as loneliness, and measurement of relevant physiological and genetic parameters in these animal models. Reduced ability to transport animals by air has partially inhibited the ability to move NHPs from one center to another, and for US academic researchers, has inhibited transfer of animals from one continent to another. Taken together, these articles provide detailed reviews of the use of NHP models for translational investigations and discuss successes, limitations, challenges and opportunities associated with this research. . Local Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees must approve any procedure at a given institution utilizing laboratory animals, including NHPs (Tardif et al. 2016): (1) characterization of gene content and organization of the experimental animal species in comparison to humans, to understand the potential use of an animal model to study a specific human disease or genetic condition; (2) analysis of genetic variation in individual animals to identify potential mutant NHPs that can be developed as models of specific human diseases; (3) development of genome arrays that can be used for mapping studies that identify potential disease genes, or more generally, for identifying Quantitative Trait Loci, genomic regions that contain disease genes (Cox 2013); (4) development of arrays or other assays that can be used to stratify the population of animals to be used as experimental subjects to enhance the accuracy of preclinical studies and to reduce animal numbers needed for translational studies. This issue of the journal includes a review of procedures for environmental enrichment, which helps assure animal health and wellbeing. WebNEAVS was nominated in the public awareness category for our Project R&R: Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Laboratories campaign (releasechimps.org).
For examples, New England Anti-Vivisection Society states on its website that it is dedicated to ending the use of animals in research, testing, and science education. These societies are well funded and skilled at communicating to the public. Marina Emborg summarizes the features of three major neurodegenerative disorders: Alzheimers, Parkinsons, and Huntingtons diseases. <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>>
There is no good solution to this problem, which is outside the control of the end users of the animals. Examples include support for women doing research that does not involve animals and is aimed at understanding, among other things, sex differences' effect on biomedical research results as well as the implications of such differences for the use of other species to extrapolate animal data to human health; and environmentalism through investigation of the serious and detrimental environmental impact that the use and disposal of millions of animals used in research, testing, and education has on the environment (women and the environment are the core of NEAVS' Common Ground campaign). Topics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases), Media (books, films, periodicals, albums), Terminal laboratories in veterinary education, Dissection choice policy in Massachusetts, Protection of chimpanzees from biomedical research, Common ground: animals, women, environment, American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research, Howard, Carol. WebThe American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research (AFAAR) and the New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) offer a $40,000, one-year postdoctoral fellowship grant (with possible renewal) to a woman interested in developing, validating, or using alternatives to animal methods in the investigation of women's health or sex differences. stream
1-4, British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection, "Amory eulogized for wit, work for animal rights", "Making Burros Fly: Cleveland Amory, Animal Rescue Pioneer", "ICCVAM Summary Review Document: The Low Volume Eye Test", "Fido Goes to the lab: Amending the Animal Welfare Act to Require Animal Rescue Facilities to Disclose Pound Seizure Practices to Pet Owners", "Toxicology Testing Called into Question", "Comparison of Alternatives Offered by Veterinary Schools", "Students Can Voice Their Choice in Massachusetts", "Ed commissioner pushes for dissection alternatives", "Massachusetts Curriculum Frameworks: Policy on Dissection and Dissection Alternatives Activities", "U.S. to Begin Retiring Most Research Chimps", "Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Laboratories (Project R&R)", "A Review of Autopsy Reports on Chimpanzees in or from U.S. Laboratories", "Lessons from Chimpanzee-Based Research on Human Disease: The Implications of Genetic Differences", "An Assessment of the Use of Chimpanzees in Hepatitis C Research Past, Present and Future (Part 1): Validity of the Chimpanzee Model", "An Examination of Chimpanzee Use in Human Cancer Research", "An Assessment of the Role of Chimpanzees in AIDS Vaccine Research", "The Great Ape Protection and Cost Savings Act", "Petition Before the Fish and Wildlife Service United States Department of the Interior", "U.S. Our mission is two-fold: (1) To train the next generation of independent scientists and engineers in an inclusive and fun environment. endobj
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These common disorders of the female reproductive system include polycystic ovary syndrome, endometriosis, placental dysfunction, and preterm labor, among others. 2009), autism (Liu et al. These include models for Huntingtons Disease (Chan 2013), diseases caused by mitochondrial mutations (Takibana et al. Can new tools and technology improve translational power? Mustari
Neeves. Mouse models for drug discovery. K
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Parallel and coordinated use of whole animals with development of alternative technologies provides an opportunity to validate or abandon alternatives and to enlarge the suite of tools that can be applied to a given translational problem. Kept in sterile environments with little attention or enrichment, treated roughly for not cooperating, and transported under unacceptable conditions, the pain and distress that animals used in research experience actually starts long before they enter a laboratory. The articles in this issue of the ILAR Journal discuss many of these challenges and opportunities, some of which are noted briefly, below. Large animal models such as dogs and swine are also used in some fields, such as oncology and transplantation medicine. There is increasing realization that variation in genetics or other factors such as the social interactions of individual rhesus or cynomolgus macaques can influence experimental results. F
The US National Research Council Institute for Laboratory Animal Research and the National Center for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research in the United Kingdom have provided guidance to journal editors, authors, and reviewers regarding information that should be included in publications relating to experimental animals (National Research Council 2011; Kilkenny et al. [48], In the 21st century billions of animals have been used for human's benefit through animal testing of consumer products, in the United States and dozens of other countries. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. The crux of my testimony is that imposing a dichotomy between ethical and scientific argumentsas asked to do by The ability of primate centers to quickly respond to relatively sudden increases in demand remains an unsolved problem. These conclusions regarding rigor appear mainly to be based on studies using rodents. [20] The resulting test better predicted human lethal blood concentrations.
(2016) and Bimber et al. . NEAVS launched its national Project R&R: Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Laboratories campaign in 2003 to end the use of chimpanzees in invasive biomedical research and provide them permanent homes in sanctuary. [29] Northern New England Vascular Societywas founded by Betty LaBombard, Maryann Waters, Anne Musson and Nancy Gardner in 1994 as an Affiliate Chapter of the Society for Vascular Ultrasound (SVU). Considering animals as mere research tools, an entire industry has been built around supplying animals to laboratories. Combined and coordinated use of NHPs, other relevant animal models, and alternatives could enhance the ability to successfully develop pharmaceuticals with improved probability of success in human clinical trials.
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