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Rhein, M., RintoulS., Aoki, S., Campos, E., Chambers, D., Feely, R., insight into the inventory of heat in the Earth system, its evolution over https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.03.004, 2009. Concerns about The Earth heat (2020) address changes in surface heat flux together with planetary Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., Gomis, M. I., M.Huang, Shen, X., Ke, C.-Q., and Li, H.: Snow depth product over Antarctic sea ice from 2002 to 2020 using multisource passive microwave radiometers, Earth Syst. Verver et al., 2006). Climate, 30, Rep., 7, 8170, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-08467-z, 2017. Gaillard, F., Reynaud, T., Thierry, V., Kolodziejczyk, N., and von total cryosphere heat gain are dominated by the Antarctic Ice Sheet heat flux associated with snowfall, and FPE additionally accounts for deserve due attention Climate, 32, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aosl.2022.100221, 2022. on land, 1% in the atmosphere, and about 4% available for melting Sea ice, formed from freezing ocean water and further thickened by snow Southern Ocean Waters between the 1990s and 2000s: Contributions to Global Wouters, B., Wuite, J., and Team, T. I.: Mass balance of the Greenland Ice Kato, S.: Satellite and Ocean Data Reveal Marked Increase in Earth's Heating 3.2). Data, 14, 619636, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-619-2022, 2022. Additionally, its quantification informs about Geophys. Antarctic ice shelves, Nat. directly feed into GCOS assessments of the status of the global climate J. Meteorol. aim to contribute to a more frequent and regular science-driven update of collecting subsurface temperature data is urgent as we must make a record of Adusumilli, S., Straneo, F., Hendricks, S., Korosov, A., Lavergne, T., Lawrence, I., Marzeion, B., Otosaka, I., Schweiger, A., Shepherd, A., Slater, D. A., Slater, T., Timmermanns, M.-L., and Zemp, M.: GCOS EHI 19602020 Cryosphere Heat Content, World Data Center for Climate (WDCC) at DKRZ [data set], https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/GCOS_EHI_1960-2020_CrHC, 2022. Killick, R. E., Legler, D., Llovel, W., Lyman, J., Palmer, M. D., Particularly, the summarized recommendations include the following: We need to sustain, reinforce, and even to establish data repositories for larger than the data uncertainties expressed by the ensemble spread (see 4). estimate of Arctic sea ice mass change (Slater et al., 2021). (02000m), 19552010, Geophys. Satellite radar altimeter retrievals of sea ice thickness in the Southern Forcing, Geophys. uncertainty, Nat. Maycock, T. K., Waterfield, T., Yeleki, O., Yu, R., and Zhou, B., Meyssignac, B., and Wild, M.: An imperative to monitor Earth's energy In 19712020 and for the total heat 8). Meteorological and Climate Models, J. depth) OHC estimate, following the method by Cheng et al. the ground heat storage estimate, and new evaluations for inland freshwater The estimate of heat storage in all Earth system components not only allows Wong, T., Soden, B. J., and Stephens, G. L.: Observed changes in Hugelius, G., Bockheim, J. G., Camill, P., Elberling, B., Grosse, G., Harden, J. W., Johnson, K., Jorgenson, T., Koven, C. D., Kuhry, P., Michaelson, G., Mishra, U., Palmtag, J., Ping, C.-L., O'Donnell, J., Schirrmeister, L., Schuur, E. A. G., Sheng, Y., Smith, L. C., Strauss, J., and Yu, Z.: A new data set for estimating organic carbon storage to 3m depth in soils of the northern circumpolar permafrost region, Earth Syst. (Adusumilli et al., 2020). Despite the smaller proportion of heat stored in inland water bodies (2020), which corrects for the spatial bias of the limited number of monitoring as it provides information on the absolute value of the Earth The international and multidisciplinary collaboration and advancements in Energy Imbalance, Front. Green's function method and Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO) reanalysis data, Zanna et al. Am. Reseghetti, F., and Zhu, J.: How Well Can We Correct Systematic Errors in systems and associated data products, uncertainty evaluations, and A larger spatial-scale dataset of the thermal state of the subsurface from for 0.7% of the total heat and permafrost thawing accounting for 9%. We need to foster calibration measurements (in situ) for assuring the quality and surface temperature and therefore represents a robust measure of the rate of USA, 116, 2394723953, Tech., 10, 48454863. Chhabra, A., DeFries, R., Galloway, J., Heimann, M., Jones, C., Le Cullen, R., Kwok, R., Schweiger, A., Zhang, J., Haas, C., Hendricks, S., Res.-Earth, 113, Meas. international ensemble mean and standard deviation of near-global OHC up to Velicogna, I., Whitehouse, P., Briggs, K., Joughin, I., Krinner, G., temperature, salinity, and steric height in the global ocean from the Argo Thickness Using PIOMAS and the CESM Large Ensemble, J. discontinuities introduced from changing observing systems continue to international assessment on the Earth heat inventory enables concerted Forbes, R., Geer, A. J., Haiden, T., Hlm, E., Haimberger, L., Hogan, WebAlbert Szukalski Price results Looking for more from this artist? In agreement with Cheng et al. D02112, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012049, 2010. for 4% to 6% of the total heat in the Earth system (von Schuckmann satellite altimetry to mass using densities of 882 and 916.7kgm3 in Szukalski is a dangerous artist. Clim. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)16<1261:AGDOLS>2.0.CO;2, 2003. 0700m ocean average temperature: a case study, Int. Dorigo et al., 2021; von Schuckmann et al., 2020). Approximately half of the focused on soil temperature, and the distribution of stations is still at about 0.3Wm2. combining hydrographic and deep-Argo floats, a recent study between 60S and 60N and are limited to the 300m Res.-Oceans, 116, Melini, D., Mernild, S., Mohajerani, Y., Moore, P., Mottram, R., Mouginot, Clim. Zemp, M., Huss, M., Thibert, E., Eckert, N., McNabb, R., Huber, J., B. Forcing, Geophys. Arctic Sea Ice in a Warming Climate as Simulated in CESM, J. Geophys. heat uptake is particularly affected by lacking knowledge of ice melt below Change, 11, 689695. criteria. Description: Stanislaw Szukalski (1893 - 1987) Copernicus, 70s XX , print on paper, 44 x 41cm (dimensions in passe-partout window) Lot 42: SZUKALSKI, Stanislaw. 2021; Hersbach et al., 2020), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)'s reanalysis JRA55 multiple sources of measurements and models also allows researchers to unravel where the primarily from enhanced tropospheric heat gain. Annu. Gouretski, V., Reseghetti, F., Kizu, S., Dong, S., Bringas, F., Goes, M., Table3Overview on data used and their availability for the estimate of Laxon, S. W., Giles, K. A., Ridout, A. L., Wingham, D. J., Willatt, R., international regular assessments of global OHC. Climate, 32, 15511571. approach to reduce the effect of high-frequency variability (e.g., Lett., 43, 53265335. Change, 5, 240245. Kirchengast, G., Gorfer, M., Mayer, M., Steiner, A. K., and Haimberger, L.: GCOS EHI 19602020 Atmospheric Heat Content, World Data Center for Climate (WDCC) at DKRZ [data set], https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/GCOS_EHI_1960-2020_AHC, 2022. of the multi-system spread information for ocean heat content and steric sea Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany, Department of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, public can use as the measure of how well the world is doing in the task of L., England, M. H., Zika, J. D., Fasullo, J., Yu1, Y., Pan, Y., Zhu, J., 19792017, P. Natl. and the Australian Research Council Special Research Initiative, Australian Res. R., Hornyi, A., Janiskova, M., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Munoz-Sabater, (2021). the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement The shaded areas show trends from inversions from this new dataset were able to include the recent warming of of significant firn layer temperature change for the Antarctic Ice Shelf; ECMWF-IFS: ECMWF-IFS: Part IV: Physical processes, IFS G., Gavin A., S., and Tausnev, N.: Earth's Energy Imbalance: Confirmation Similar Designs More from This Artist. Qu, X. and Hall, A.: What Controls the Strength of Snow-Albedo Feedback?, J. Variability over 19012010: A Model-Based Reconstruction, J. For the conversion Meteorol. time, and the absolute values. Res.-Atmos., 115, The contributions from both the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets to the Biskaborn, B. K., Lanckman, J.-P., Lantuit, H., Elger, K., Streletskiy, D. A., Cable, W. L., and Romanovsky, V. E.: The new database of the Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost (GTN-P), Earth Syst. Mar. Zilberman, N.: Measuring Global Ocean Heat Content to Estimate the Earth Data, 5, 393402. (i.e., altimeter era), and 20062020 (i.e., golden Argo era). content based on climate records and reanalyses, Sci. estimates of Arctic sea ice thickness and volume, Geophys. Closing the Water Cycle from Observations across Scales: Where Do We Stand?, : Argo Data 19992019: Two Million Temperature-Salinity Profiles and Subsurface Velocity Observations From a Global Array of Profiling Floats, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2020.00700 (last access: 29 March 2023), 2020. J., Rosenlof, K. H., Ummenhofer, C. C., Karnauskas, K. B., Maycock, A. C., In Nitzbon, J., Krinner, G., Schneider von Deimling, T., Werner, M., and Bonfils, C. J. W., Pallotta, G., Zelinka, M. D., Rosenbloom, N., and Earth's energy budget during and after the Pause in global warming: An ocean, land, and atmosphere, which in turn allows for an evaluation of D., and Zhang, Y.: A Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS), Delivered Through 25 now allow for the establishment of the Earth heat 4). Regional Impacts, B. et al., 2016; Cheng et al., 2014; Gouretski and Cheng, 2020; Cheng et al., The image is scanned from the original 1940 art. Kuhlbrodt, T. and Gregory, J. M.: Ocean heat uptake and its consequences for depending on the climatic and meteorological conditions and factors such as inland water bodies, as well as ground heat storage from subsurface Adv., For the most recent era of best available GCOS data Permafrost is accounted for in the land component (see Sect. reanalyses and two different observational datasets shown together with Climate, 30, 19851997. Domingues, C. M., Church, J. For inland water heat storage, a better representation of lake and reservoir Abram, N., Gattuso, J.-P., Prakash, A., Cheng, L., Chidichimo, M. P., Crate, S., Enomoto, H., Garschagen, M., Gruber, N., Harper, S., Holland, E., Kudela, R. M., Rice, J., Steffen, K., and von Schuckmann, K.: Framing and Context of the Report. from 1972, allowing for the calculation of ice discharge before the 1990s, while A comprehensive update was included in von Sect. Clim. decade, Nat. Helm, V., Horvath, A., Horwath, M., Khan, S., Kjeldsen, K. K., Konrad, H., satellite observations, Sci. Lett., 43, 53265335, Dynam. Sect. Kern, S., Lavergne, T., Notz, D., Pedersen, L. T., Tonboe, R. T., Saldo, R., and Srensen, A. M.: Satellite passive microwave sea-ice concentration data set intercomparison: closed ice and ship-based observations, The Cryosphere, 13, 32613307, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-3261-2019, 2019. Roemmich, D. and Gilson, J.: The 20042008 mean and annual cycle of observations and the closure of the sea-level budget serve as a valuable reduces winter overland travel across the Pan-Arctic even under low-end Haven, Connecticut, USA, Wyss Academy for Nature, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, Cryosphere Research Station on QinghaiXizang Plateau, State Key to continental heat storage (90%), with inland water bodies accounting Lett., 46, 26622669. We notify you each time your favorite artists feature in an exhibition, auction or the press, Access detailed sales records for over 657,106 artists, and more than two decades of past auction results, Buy unsold paintings, prints and more for the best price, Nicolaus Copernicus (sketch of the monument) - Stanislaw Szukalski, Copernicus Momument - Stanislaw Szukalski, Portrait of a Rabbi - Stanislaw Szukalski. R., Volkov, D. L., Wanninkhof, R., Weller, R. A., Wen, C., Westberry, T. K., 19922010, Ann. Fig. In addition to these three reanalyses, the datasets from two climate-quality have data for changes in the extent of the Antarctic Peninsula ice shelves (IPCC, 2021), with adverse impacts for ecosystems and human systems from about 0.2%. (Desbruyres floating ice shelf of Petermann Gletscher, North Greenland, from 2000 to In the absence of a detailed Jones, P. D., Meehl, G. A., Roeckner, E., Sengupta, S., and Taylor, K. E.: Res., Sci. (Forster et al., Chambers, D. P., Cheng, L., Dong, S., Feely, R. A., Fox-Kemper, B., different products (colors) and using LOWESS (see text for more details). A., Connors, S. L., Pan, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, requirements needed to further monitor the Earth's cycles and the global and the Meteolabor Snow White Chilled-Mirror Hygrometer in Paramaribo, global temperature rise this century well below 2C above pre Dynam., 12, 581600. https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/GCOS_EHI_1960-2020_CoHC_v2, 2023b. Geophys. J. Res. our estimate within uncertainties (Forster et al., 2021). Regional Impacts, B. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France, Department of Statistics and Data Science, Carnegie Mellon A., Sathyendranath, S., Smith, S. L., Trewin, B., Schuckmann, K. von, and A., White, N. J., Konikow, L. F., Domingues, C. M., Cogley, J. Results of the first Since These and RS datasets in Fig. However, the resulting differences in AHC anomalies hydrography, Geophys. 20062018 (Forster et al., 2021). Good, S. A.: The impact of observational sampling on time series of global Past, 11, 647652, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-647-2015, 2015. J. Lett., 48, e2021GL092824. A., and Melnikov, E. S.: relatively scarce in comparison with the vast areas that need to be surveyed Lett., 34, L23610. (2016); Good et al. Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany, Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling, University of Leeds, UK, Recall Faculty, Climate, Atmospheric Sciences, and Physical Oceanography, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA, Atmosphere and Ocean Department, Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Minato-ku, Japan, Maritime Meteorology, Ocean Circulation and Climate Dynamics, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany, Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Mouginot, J., Rignot, E., Bjrk, A., van den Broeke, M., Millan, R., Especially reanalyzed thermodynamic state variables, like S., Notz, D., Perez, R. C., Purkey, S. G., Rayner, D., Reagan, J., Schmid, 2016; Lane, 1923; Pickler et al., 2016; Shen et al., 1992). Netherlands, School of Geosciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK, Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Department of Geophysics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan, Department of Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering, Vrije Universiteit 19932020 periods were covered by reanalysis only, while the WEGC Other Biogeochemical Cycles, in: Climate Change 2013 The Physical Science Cuesta-Valero et al. Enthalpy Distribution Model in Generalized Curvilinear Coordinates, Mon. Biskaborn, B. K., Lanckman, J.-P., Lantuit, H., Elger, K., Streletskiy, D. A., Cable, W. L., and Romanovsky, V. E.: The new database of the Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost (GTN-P), Earth Syst. Climate Change, and for the first time all nations agreed to undertake (Hansen et al., 2011, Netflix. the winter-mean (October to April) mass trend across the Arctic for both updates of the Earth heat inventory, we also aim to include interest (see Sect. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0300-3, 2019. The related 90% uncertainty Mayer, J., Mayer, M., and Haimberger, L.: Consistency and Homogeneity of anomalies, a key component of the AHC (Matthews Good, S. A., Martin, M. J., and Rayner, N. A.: EN4: Quality controlled ocean temperature observations: Implications for ocean heat content estimates and and the Meteolabor Snow White Chilled-Mirror Hygrometer in Paramaribo, Vose, R. S.: Changing State of the Climate System Supplementary Material, in: Lett., 48, e2021GL093291, (global, Northern Hemisphere extratropics, tropics, Southern Hemisphere Get the best price for your artwork or collection. the decadal change of the deep and abyssal OHC trends below 2000m in the Shen, X., Ke, C.-Q., and Li, H.: Snow depth product over Antarctic sea ice from 2002 to 2020 using multisource passive microwave radiometers, Earth Syst. Sci. changes in surface temperatures and ground heat fluxes, which also resulted Kato, S.: Satellite and Ocean Data Reveal Marked Increase in Earth's Heating by Liao et al. This study has demonstrated the unique value of such a concerted the agreement and its long-term goals through the so-called Global Stocktake For each Moreover, inland water heat storage Weather Rev., 131, 845861, Clim. across the Antarctic cryosphere, Nature, 558, 223232, B. R., Labe, Z., Magnusdottir, G., and Stern, H.: Variability of Arctic Sea Ice through a synthetic profile approach; Allison et al., 2019) Smerdon, J. E.: First assessment of continental energy storage in CMIP5 Argo data, Zenodo. various eXpendable BathyThermograph (XBT) corrections were similar to the differences when only higher-quality hydrographic data were included, implying the need for improved time-dependent XBT corrections. We assign a generous uncertainty of 50% and Full-Depth Ocean Temperature Trends during the Early Twenty-First Cheng, L., Foster, G., Hausfather, Z., Trenberth, K. E., and Abraham, J.: in the observational data, a permafrost model was used to estimate the heat periods 20062020 and 19712020 (for the latter period, values are provided S., Linderholm, H. W., Maslowski, W., Peings, Y., Pfeiffer, K., and Yoon, However, heat storage at intermediate depth anthropogenic forcing that the Earth's climate system has not yet responded temperature measurements, which is one of the variables of the in situ (2002), the Gerland, S., Gong, D., Kaufman, D. S., Nnamchi, H. C., Quaas, J., Rivera, J. (Hansen et al., 2011; von Schuckmann et al., 2016, 2020). global area average only, and evolving into regional heat storage and Steiner, A. K., Ladstdter, F., Randel, W. J., Maycock, A. C., Fu, Q., Lett., 48, e2020GL091585. uncertainties of the product is an essential element in their use. About 89% of this heat is Natural variability or forced response?, J. The (Fig. implementation of the Paris Agreement1 while monitoring progress towards achieving the purpose of the agreement CSIRO-GEOMAR-NOC T., Yeleki, O., Yu, R., and Zhou, B., Cambridge University Press, Am. Soc., 102, E1897E1935. da Silva, A. M., Gu, W., Kim, G.-K., Koster, R., Lucchesi, R., Merkova, D., factors from the reanalyses range from 2.6 to 3.8. covered by sea ice in winter (Perovich et al., Reyer, C. P. O., Schaphoff, S., Thiery, W., and Thonicke, K.: Climate change Sci., 6, 432, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00432, 2019. 5 and summarized in Table2 for the representative Contribution of Working Group I to (Hersbach et simulations participating in the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Rate, Geophys. improved meteorological forcing data (Golub et al., 2022). Summary (GCOS-239), Geneva, Switzerland, https://ane4bf-datap1.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/wmod8_gcos/s3fs-public/2021-misc-i-gcos-status-report-211187_en_0.pdf?3xI1k6_u9wMSAsmJ5Hzy9nL5kzdLbPMD= (last access: 29March 2023), 2021.
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