minorities influence majority opinion primarily through

Although these actions may include members of both minority groups who are typically disadvantaged and members of majority groups who are typically advantaged, it is almost invariably the former who initiate social actions. The Social Psychology of Protest. Length of time it takes to effect social change may vary but social change is always a process of evolution. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.79.3.385. L. Berkowitz (New York: Academic Press), 149202. a request to donate to a charitable organization. Eur. Front. Clark and Maass (1990) found that the size of the majority within a group can affect the ability of a minority to influence members. Sindhi Muslims had a much larger majority of about seventy-4 percent. From 1845 to 1854, an influx of Irish people arrived on the East Coast that outnumbered immigrants from all other countries since 1776 combined. Lateral attitude change. One of the reasons that minority influence takes hold is because it goes beyond superficial thinking. For example, the dynamic social impact model posits the strength, immediacy, and the number of sources of influence as three critical factors (Latan, 1996). They consider the argument based on its merits, rather than to complywith group norms. Yet, the informational strategy could be used differently to emphasize common group identity (social acceptance) or quid pro quo (social control) by acceptance-motivated and control-motivated minorities, respectively. Soc. 13:911654. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.911654. No group goes extinct or disappears; it just gets absorbed into new ways that people define community and feel belonging. Minority sources persuasibility increased over time when their targets increasingly favorable reactions turned them into a majority (minority majority). 31, 595609. Since then, for a certain subset of Americans, each annual release by the bureau neutral, nonpartisan researchers who produce deliberately staid reports has become a sort of countdown to the white apocalypse. A rare empirical study of the dynamic nature of social influence focused on reciprocity of influence. Soc. Int. Echterhoff, G., and Higgins, T. E. (2017). Bull. Psychol. Selection criteria included: participants exposure to a minority dissent with or without an appeal or reasoning for the dissent, which dissent placed the minority at odds with the participants, and report of a measure of influence. 6. ed. Klandermans, B. Econometrica 47, 263291. Minority and majority influence in freely interacting groups: qualitative versus quantitative differences. (1981). Moscovicis initial theorizing makes it clear that changing an individuals mind is, at most, a potential intermediatory step toward social change. When a minority opinion is introduced, people are more Being in a minority is a social condition, often characterized by adverse outcomes, tangible and intangible alike (for review, see Prislin and Christensen, 2005a). (2002). In doing so, minorities make themselves visibly non-normative, hence, creating a social conflict. E. H. Witte and J. H. Davis (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum), 191210. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.68.1.5. At what point in time does it become public and sufficiently substantial to change social relations and social structure within a group? Learn to read and understand body signals and improve your own body language. F. Butera and J. Levine (New York: Cambridge University Press), 202221. Prislin, R., and Crano, W. D. (2012). Without considering time, some questions are never asked and important phenomena are poorly understood. Instead of identifying with the minority group, individuals will dissociate the minority views from the people who promoted them. (2001). This state of affairs is unfortunate as time variable is of essence in understanding how minorities go about effecting social change. The latter strategies are especially likely in the cases of mutual interdependence between majorities and minorities. Minority influence: A meta-analytical review of social influence processes. The status quo in these arenas is first broken by the rebellious few. Minority influence in political decision-making, in Group Consensus and Minority Influence: Implications for Innovation. De Dreu, C. K. W., and West, M. A. The resulting backlash created a wave of support for the xenophobic Know Nothing movement and its nativist American Party. Self-definition, defensive processing, and influence: The normative impact of majority and minority groups. (eds.) To the extent that acceptance means a state of cognitive merging with a group (Baumeister and Leary, 1995), it cannot be satisfied through acquiescence, which implies affiliation, not integration, with others. Many Hispanics identify as white, and marriages between Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites make up more than 40 percent of recent interracial marriages. ^Search was performed using the following key words: minority influence, defiance, deviance, innovation, social influence and change/effect/impact. Minority origin of change is no less true for research on social influence than any other arena. 68, 520. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.88.5.438, Laughlin, P. R., and Ellis, A. L. (1986). With much of the competition between the races reducing itself to the warfare of the cradle, he wrote in 1894, no race has any chance to win a great place unless it consists of good breeders as well as of good fighters.. 2. How have norm-based approaches been used to curb binge drinking on college campuses? The reasons for this development are complex. Unlike compliance, where a person changes his or her outward behavior but not their private opinions, minority influence can have a lasting effect on an individuals views and behavior even when they leave the group. Adopting a motivational approach holds promise of advancing our understanding of the roles minorities play in originating social change. Crano, W. D., and Chen, X. she will become even more committed to Romeo. c. public compliance. Take our 5-minute anger test to find out if you're angry! There was a gradual realization that the Anglo-Protestant orientation of whiteness was unlikely to sustain a dominant majority indefinitely. Around the turn of the 20th century, American leaders began to recognize the accumulating effects of immigration and civil rights. Vol. M. P. Zanna (New York: Elsevier), 237326. WebQ#28 minorities influence majority opinion primarily through - The correct answer is b.) Comparative analyses from multiple lines of research have documented an asymmetry in distribution of tangible benefits (e.g., jobs, wealth) and intangible benefits (e.g., validation, status) favoring majorities over minorities. (1996). Cultural drift, indirect minority influence, network structure, and their impacts on cultural change and diversity. Whereas any classification of motives is unavoidably imperfect, three broad motives are readily identifiable from the previously mentioned analysis of minority and majority positions (Prislin and Christensen, 2005a; Prislin and Wood, 2005): Social validation or a sense of correctness, social acceptance or a sense of belonging, and social control or access to tangible benefits (e.g., resources, power). It cannot be a goal in and of itself. doi: 10.1177/1368430210395636. Prospect theory: an analysis of decisions under risk. Bull. In 2015, the Census Bureau published a report projecting that by 2044, the United States white majority would become merely a white plurality: immigration and fertility trends would lead to Americas ethnic and racial minorities outnumbering its white population. (2009). Issues Policy Rev. In what follows, the importance of these factors is discussed and illustrated by a few initial explorations. 88, 438453. This change in private opinion prompts a shift in behavior, and a member may promote his or her newly-acquiredview to other members of the group. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.53.1.41. J. The longer the new majority spent secure in its new position, the more similar they perceived themselves to the group and the more attractive they found the group. informational social influence because it happens when a person conforms to gain Conversion vs. tolerance: minority-focused influence strategies can affect group loyalty. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1437, David, B., and Turner, J. C. (1996). The newly established more inclusive group standard encompasses both minorities and majorities as constitutive elements of the group, representing a gain for the former at no cost for the latter. These patterns of socially regulated persuasiveness were documented by coding video-taped sources verbal advocacy (Study 1) and by coding their written advocacy as well as an independent audiences reactions to their written advocacy (Study 2). Vol. A., Busceme, S., and Blackstone, T. (1994). 40. ed. Today, of course, being Irish is a social boundary mostly reduced to the front of Urban Outfitters T-shirts. eds. Chen, X., and Kruglanski, A. W. (2009). eds. This path to social change alters positions within a group but preserves the notion of a dominant position within the group. Also, the authors own line of research on group dynamics in the aftermath of social change could be added to this minority category in that its focus on group dynamics is underrepresented in minority influence research (Prislin, 2010; Prislin et al., 2017). Brainwashing, its origins and its use in cults and media. 35, 179199. doi: 10.1111/sipr.12072. Discover your Freudian personality type with our Fixation Test. Follow The New York Times Opinion section on Facebook, Twitter (@NYTopinion) and Instagram. Up to 5 incorrect questions that you can provide the reason as to why that answer is, Q#14 getting paid a lot of money to do things that violate ones core values, as compared to, getting no money to violate ones values should, Q#16 if you decide to buy new clothes that fit the latest trend just to blend in with others, you. So, it was not so equally balanced as it was again in Punjab and Bengal. Whereas turning opponents to supporters appeared to make successful minorities smarter, successfully retaining initially won support did not affect successful majoritys persuasibility. Self-organizing social systems: necessary and sufficient conditions for the emergence of consolidation, clustering, and continuing diversity, in Progress in Communication Science: Persuasion. In an experiment in which participants were asked to debate issues such as abortion, they found a negative correlation between the number of members holding a majority view and the sway held by minority views. M. Mikulincer and P. R. Shafer, (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association), 507533. For example, at what point in time do minorities voice their non-normative opinions? ^Minority label used here in no way diminishes the significance and contribution of these two lines of research. In a test of the above-mentioned hypothesis 2, variations in minority and majority sources persuasibility were examined as a function of their targets responsiveness to their influence appeals (Prislin et al., 2011). Soc. Prislin, R. (2010). Br. eds. A person subjected to majority influence will try to gain the acceptance of a group by complying with its norms, but may retain their private views contravening those of the majority. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.95.2.189. A social norm that reflects how things are typically done is considered ________, whereas a social norm that reflects what behaviors are approved is considered ________. Tindale, R. S., Talbot, M., and Martinez, R. (2013). Majority and Minority Influence: Societal Meaning and Cognitive Elaboration, London, Routledge: Taylor & Francis. Yet, most studies on social influence, including minority influence, are one-time affairs that examine the effects of single appeals or single group encounters at a discrete point in time. As an illustration of the epistemic value of the time perspective approach to understanding the consequences of successful minority influence, and a test of the above-mentioned Hypothesis 1, consider a longitudinal study that examined reactions of a minority faction within a group who successfully converted a sufficient number of majority members to its position to effectively turn themselves into a new majority and ipso facto, the former majority into a new minority (Prislin and Christensen, 2005b, Study 2). Several integrative models profitably combine the information processing and social identity approaches, capitalizing on their complementary strengths (Prez and Mugny, 1996; Crano, 2001). This dynamic aspect of social influence was recognized in the early theorizing of Moscovici (1976), as well as in the subsequent consideration of minority influence in the intergroup context by Mugny (1982) that includes the power agent (typically normative majority) and the population (typically the target of both minority and majority influence). Sci. Group Processes. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. An additional unique 33 empirical studies have been published since then and the end of December 2020, as identified searching the PsycInfo database, manually searching outlets in which earlier studies on minority influence appeared, and cross-reference checking.2 As evident in Figure 1, after a somewhat slow startor, one could say, a delayed impact of Moscovicis ideasthis research saw a steady increase in representation in scientific outlets, reaching its zenith in the 1990s, but gradually declining in the subsequent two decades.3. Privacy & Cookies C. K. de Dreu and N. K. de Vries (Oxford, UK: Blackwell), 91121. Differential contributions of majority and minority influence. *Correspondence: Radmila Prislin, rprislin@sdsu.edu, New Advances in Social Influence: Theoretical Insights and Methodological Challenges, View all They may even besuspicious of a new manager who suggests that they update their manufacturing methods. doi: 10.1080/14792779108401862. The number of members within a group expressing a minority opinion also affects the level of influence that they are able to exert on the remaining members. ed. Social influence: The role of consensus in attitudes and attitude change, in The Handbook of Attitudes and Attitude change. However, as pointed out by Levine and Tindale (2015), the overall findings suggest that in those rare circumstances when minorities do prevail, they tend do so through informational processes, by forcing a majority to question the validity of its position. What can a person's eyes tell you about what they are thinking? In contrast, and in support of hypothesis 3, change via increased tolerance for diversity within a group dramatically increased attachment and loyalty to the group among those former in the minority (minority majority) while preserving attachment and loyalty to the group among those former in the majority (majority minority) (Prislin and Filson, 2009; Shafer and Prislin, 2011) In short, recognizing that minority influence originates from a variety of motives expands the scope of influence strategies and types of social changes to be considered. J. Pers. eds. Moscovici found that the minority view expressed by the confederates influenced the participants opinions, particularly when the minority was consistent in its opinion (Moscovici et al, 1969). A., and Mugny, G. (1996). Status, ideology, and integrative complexity on the US Supreme Court: rethinking the politics of decision making. Psychol. Morally admirable or moralistically deplorable? Minority influence occurs when a minority group impacts the majoritys Justin Gest (@_JustinGest) is an associate professor of policy and government at George Mason Universitys Schar School of Policy and Government. R. Martin and M. Hewstone (New York: Psychology Press), 229262. Nemeth, C. J. Real-life exampleswhere minority influence affects the majoritywithin a group include: 1. Cyberbullying has become more prevalent with increasing technological advances in our society. Emily is in a good mood. Only by incorporating a time perspective in our research can these variations be captured (Arrow et al., 2000). And there is precious little evidence of real solidarity among Americas diverse minority ethnic groups. The Power of Minorities. Dr. Gest is a political scientist who studies and writes about immigration, nativism and demographic change. eds. Psychol. From marginal to mainstream and vice versa: Leaders valuation of diversity while in the minority versus majority. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 1. To ensure that only unique empirical studies were counted, care was taken not to double-count studies that were published in journals and later summarized in book chapters or vice versa. Soc. Research on minority influence, which revitalized the field of social influence, is in need of revitalization itself. The researchers found that when the confederate seated themselves, without guidance, at the head seat, other participants were more likely to agree with their suggestion of an amount of compensation than if they followed the experimenter's directions. It was this insight into the role of minorities that made Moscovici a luminary in social psychology. 19, 257276. The reasons for a paucity of longitudinal studies are many. Minority Influence and Innovation: Antecedents, Processes, and Consequences. Group Processes. Whilst minority influenceinvolves a challenge to popular opinion and group norms, it can serve the interests of the wider population in the long term. Instead, it Rev. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8309.1996.tb01091.x. When successful, these minorities redefine what is acceptable within groups boundaries. Similarly, reactions to social influence are typically assessed once at a single point in time. 14, 755766. Therefore, the minority is unable to exert a normative influence on other members. Systematic and nonsystematic processing of majority and minority persuasive communication. Psychol. Shared reality: How social verification makes the subjective objective, in Handbook of Motivation and Cognition. A final observation regarding minority influence is that, after being successfully persuaded by a minority, people tend to forget the origins of their new views. This phenomenon, known as social cryptomnesia, often occurs when a person held negative views of the minority whose views they adopted. doi: 10.1177/0146167291175001, Brodbeck, F. C., Kerschreiter, R., Mojzisch, A., and Schulz-Hardt, S. (2007). Their simultaneous activation in simulated interactions ultimately yields a system settled into a pattern of overall convergence in social attitudes but importantly, with some clustering of factions holding minority positions (Latan and Nowak, 1997). 71, 11811193. A study of normative and informational influences upon individual judgment, J. Abnorm. The leniency contract and persistence of majority and minority influence. Vol. J. Pers. Soc. Take Psychologist World's 5-minute memory test to measure your memory.
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